Are facial expressions innate and universal, or do we learn them through childhood socialisation? According to new research by David Matsumoto and Bob Willingham, many facial expressions are innate. The study compared the reactions of blind…

New reseach suggests that the ability to perceive shapes is innate. Despite minimal exposure to the regular geometric objects found in developed countries, African tribal people perceive shapes as well as westerners.

Narcissism is a personality disorder, characterised by "a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy" (DSM IV-TR). Narcissists have an exaggerated sense of self-importance, believe they are special and unique, have…

Vygotsky criticised Piaget’s emphasis on the child’s interaction with the environment, claiming that Piaget ignores the role of social interaction. Vygotsky, in contrast, sees the child as an apprentice who learns through interacting with others rather…